Citation Guide

This is a concise guide that covers how to cite resources in MLA, APA, Chicago, and other commonly used citation styles.

​

General Principles

​​

1. Authorship: Many Hawaiian sources may not have a single author but could be attributed to an organization, community, or even unknown. Ensure accuracy in representation.

2. Title: For documents in ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian language), provide the original title and, if necessary, an English translation in brackets.

3. Publication Date: If the original date of creation is unknown, use the date of the source's publication or the date you accessed it.

4. Access Date: Especially important for online resources, as digital content can change.

​

MLA (Modern Language Association)

 

Books: Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Publication Year.

 

Journal Articles: Author’s Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal, vol. number, no. number, Year, pp. page range.

 

Digital Archives: Author’s Last Name, First Name (if known). "Title of Document." Name of Database, Name of Library or organization, URL. Accessed Day Month Year.

 

Oral Histories: Interviewee’s Last Name, First Name. Interview. By Interviewer’s First Name Last Name. Date of Interview. Name of Collection, Name of Repository, URL or physical location.

​

APA (American Psychological Association)

 

Books: Author’s Last Name, F. M. (Year of Publication). Title of book. Publisher.

 

Journal Articles: Author’s Last Name, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume(number), page range. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

 

Digital Archives: Author’s Last Name, F. M. (Year). Title of document. Name of Database. URL

 

Oral Histories: Interviewee’s Last Name, F. M. (Year, Month Day). Interview by F. M. Interviewer [Format]. Name of Collection. Name of Repository. URL or Location.

​

Chicago Style

 

Books: Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year.

 

Journal Articles: Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume, no. number (year): page range.

 

Digital Archives: Last Name, First Name. "Title of Document." Name of Database. Date. Name of Library or organization. URL.

 

Oral Histories: Last Name, First Name of Interviewee. Interview by First Name Last Name of Interviewer. Name of Collection, Name of Repository, Date of Interview. URL or Location.

​

Citing ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi Sources

 

For sources in ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi, provide a translation of the title in brackets after the original title, and indicate [In Hawaiian] at the end of the citation if the entire document is in Hawaiian.

 

Example in MLA: Author’s Last Name, First Name. Title in ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi [Translation of Title]. Publisher, Year. [In Hawaiian].

​

Citing Multimedia and Non-Traditional Sources

 

Photographs: Photographer’s Last Name, First Name. Title of Photograph. Year. Name of Collection, Name of Repository.

 

Videos: Title of Video. Directed/Produced by First Name Last Name, Year. URL.

​

Other Considerations

​​

• No Author: Start with the title of the work.

• Multiple Authors: Follow the style guide's rules for listing authors, typically up to three, then use "et al." for additional authors.

• Unknown Date: Use "n.d." (no date) or approximate with "ca." (circa).

 

This guide should serve as a starting point. Always refer to the specific guidelines provided by your instructor or the most current edition of the citation style manual you are using, as citation norms can evolve.